CHAPTER
I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Blank cheque is debate lately. Not because it can and can
not allow, but especially because of changes in this legislation, which is
still continuing.
The use of cheque as a medium of payment transaction has
been known since the time before World War II. At that time Indonesia as major
trade destination countries see cheque as a payment instrument that is easy to
use. According to the Presidential Decree number 470 of 1961 payment of voice
like that money Kartal, such as coins and paper money, and demand deposits,
such as cheque. The existence of a blank cheque it because the parties did not
want to be responsible reap huge profits from their fraudulent results.
In writing a blank cheque sum of money to be paid by the
bank, but owned the account balance that issued the cheque is not enough to pay
for it. Cheque was cashed inability to inhibit economic growth. Imagine,
billions of dollars transactions can disappear just because a blank cheque.
This is detrimental not only businessmen but also state.
Increasingly aware of the rampant cases of bad cheque,
the government passed legislation to minimize this fraud. Law No. 17 on the
prohibition of withdrawal tahun1964 blank cheque was issued. In the law states
that whoever draw a cheque when she learned that balance in the account is
insufficient to withdraw as much as it will be written in cheque was sentenced
to prison for a maximum of 20 years and a fine of four times the amount of
money stated in the cheque.
This rule applies to the individual, foundation,
organization, corporation, union, and company. Losses party receiving bad cheque
can exceed the sanctions provided for in the legislation.
Because it is considered less able to solve problems of
bad cheque in 1971 it issued legislation to repeal Act No. 17 of 1964. Having
revised the Act No. 1 of 1971 concerning the revocation of Act 17 of 1964 was
replaced by Act No. 12 of 1971 which makes it a permanent law.
I Knowledge Law No. 12 of 1971 was passed legislation
repeal of Act 17 of 1964, in the sense that the withdrawal of a blank cheque
isn’t be forbidden, there is no sanction for it.
From the sources that I have found, Act 17 of 1964, this
is not supposed to be aimed at the first pull on the cheque but the cheque
signer. Because it is the pullers cheque were harmed in the transaction.
In accordance with the economic
development and information technology, there are the demands of the business
community to be able to trade in a certain amount more effectively, efficiently
and safely. These include triggered due to the use of currency (cash / cash),
especially for transactions with a relatively large nominal, felt less
efficiently and safely. The tendency of the use of payment instruments such as cheque
and bank draft as a means of payment in trade in general is caused partly
because the instruments mentioned several advantages compared to other payment
instruments, among other factors the effectiveness, efficiency, and safety.
In some countries, the use of non-cash
payment instruments, whether paper based, card-based and electronic based
company has grown so fast. In fact, each of these instruments has been
providing various facilities for a variety of derivative interest payments with
increasingly sophisticated methods of settlement. The existence of non-cash
payment instruments developed so rapidly in some developed countries has been
supported by the existence of an adequate system of payment, settlement
mechanisms that support and strong legal framework.
In Indonesia alone, the growing use of
non-cash payment instruments has increased significantly. Various aspects of
the constraints in the development of non-cash instruments of this type, among
others, in terms of supporting infrastructure, lack of understanding bank
officer and / or economic actors in the rules and regulations prevailing
perudang, readiness and transaction patterns of Indonesian society to the legal
issues.
1.2 PROBLEM
FORMULATION
1.
Why Oichida still a witness, but did not rule
out the possibility, oichida soon be named as a suspect?
2.
Why
director of the Legal Aid Institute (LBH) Makassar Makassar Polrestabes urged
to immediately establish Fany Director of PT Mitra works Oichida Lashara as
suspects related to the case blank cheque?
1.3 PURPOSE
OF WRITING
1.
To find out why Oichida still a witness, but
did not rule out the possibility, oichida soon be named as a suspect;
2.
To find
out why the Director of Legal Aid Institute (LBH) Makassar Makassar Polrestabes
urged to immediately establish Fany Director of PT Mitra works Oichida Lashara
as suspects relating to the case of a blank cheque.
CHAPTER
II
DISCUSSION
2.1 LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1.1 Understanding
And Cheque Blank Cheque
Definition of a warrant cheque is a bank customer to
manage the customer's chequeing account, to pay a sum of money to the parties
mentioned therein or to the holder of the cheque.
A blank cheque is a cheque drawn on an
account, the funds are not sufficient to pay the cheque. It is often
encountered in day-to-day business transactions. A blank cheque is very
detrimental to businesses in the market, either when ordering raw materials to
distribution of finished goods. Regulation has never actually applied to a /
foundation / organization / company. When in fact the legislation has been
established for a long time.
2.1.2 Cheque
traits
Cheque stipulated in Law Commercial Law
Article 178 up to 229. Under the terms of Article 178 Commercial code, cheque
any have characteristics which are:
1.
Name cheque loaded in the text itself and
termed the cheque was written language;
2. Unconditional
orders to pay a certain amount of money;
3. Names
of people who have to pay (interest);
4. Determination
of the place where payment is to be dilakaukan;
5. Date
and place a cheque withdrawal;
6. Signature
of the person issuing the cheque (towing).
Personnel involved in the letter is a cheque issuer (person of interest); caught (ie Bank); carrier (designated person); holders (those who were given the right); replacement (which replaces the holder or the endorsement. Cheque should be made by snagged on the orders of the publisher for the cheque is not canceled by the publisher. Though these cheque can be canceled but still have to wait for the offer period ends 70 days after the juice has not been taken for a cheque to the bank or redeemable by the holder.
Cheque in its development is
increasingly being used as a means of payment. Demand for human needs in the
push toward trade complexity of the original shape Cheque only serves solely as
a means of payment in the form of raw expanded its development into specific
forms as intended and purpose the publisher.
2.1.3 Various
Kinds of Cheque
As for the kinds of content include:
1.
The substitute cheque, which also acts as the
publisher of the first holder;
2.
Cheque the issuer itself that orders
addressed to the publisher's own pay;
3.
Cheque for the calculation of other people
that cheque can be issued at the request of a third person;
4.
Incaso cheque or also called cheque the power
of attorney or for the bill;
5.
Domicile cheque which can designate where the
cheque should be paid or domicile in the letter was a cheque issuer only;
6. Blank Cheque is empty or cheque that funds
are not available in the chequeing account. For example, Mr. Rahman. Rahman
Hakim drawing a cheque for 60 million dollars which the cheque is written in,
but the funds available in the account there are only 50 million dollars. This
means that lack of funds amounting to 10 million dollars, if the customer
drawing. So clear the cheque is less in number compared to the number of
existing funds;
7.
Traveler's
cheque a cheque is a cheque on the way for people who are
traveling;
8.
Backward cheque is a cheque that is dated
back from the current date, eg today on May 1, 2002. As an example. Tn. Roy
intends to disburse a cheque Akase and where the cheque is written, dated May
5, 2002. type of cheque is called the post-dated cheque or cheque that have not
matured, this usually happens because there is an agreement between the donor cheque
the cheque recipient, such as does not have the funds at that time.
2.1.4 Benefits
Cheque
A.
Benefit cheque for the account owner
(customer):
a.
As a means of recording and bookkeeping
transactions on bank withdrawals;
b.
As a means of monitoring the amount of funds
available in the bank;
c.
As a means of towing funds from the bank;
d.
As a means of payment to another party.
B.
Benefit cheque for banks:
a.
As a means of payment;
b.
As a means of transfer from one account to
another;
c.
As bookkeeping documents.
C.
Benefit cheque for third parties, namely
those who hold cheque:
a.
As a tool to settle accounts payable to other
parties;
b.
As a means of payment, substitute legal
tender.
2.1.5 Factors
Supporting the use of Blank Cheque
In principle, any publisher who publishes a background cheque
should act as a basis on which issuer Bank customers who have savings accounts
have sufficient funds before issuing a cheque as payment. But often in practice
the use of cheque is often misused as a fraudulent act that is a blank cheque.
Factor that into practice advocates the use of blank cheque
is confidential Bank. Banks will not give information on the number of client
accounts. So, if it turns out the letter was a cheque or blank insufficient
funds, the cheque recipients may not know it. Only cheque the recipients
believe that by the time he is shown to obtain payment. For the issuer cheque
is speculating, this is an opportunity to get pleasure with issuing bad cheque
or pay with bad cheque in commercial transactions.
Resolution of issues that arise in practice the use of a
blank cheque as payment in Indonesia is that the cheque can be charged later in
the day before the expiration of the 70 day pengunjukannya. But if the period
of 70 days pengunjukkan cheque have passed and cheque are still rejected because
of the unavailability of funds, then the funds can still be requested until the
time for 6 months starting from the day of its original publication. After 6
months have passed (expired), the holder of the cheque can still do Recourse
Rights.
Regress rights is a right granted by law to the letter
beharga holders in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment. Regress rights
or rights of recourse in the dictionary Bank Indonesia is the Right Paper
Holders Bills / cheque / promissory notes to collect towing / endosan / AVALIS
in order to get a payment if the interested party refuses to pay (recht van
regress) and Recourse is also defined rights over pay. Regress rights set out
in Article 142 to Article 153 to businesses.
As for doing the right regres can be done in 2 ways:
1. By
protesting, which can be done in 2 ways, namely with an authentic certificate
and with a simple protest.
a. With
the authentic certificate holder dilakaukan action in the event of non-payment
or non-acceptance made before notary or bailiff who diikiuti by 2 witnesses.
The deed is a deed of non-payment or non akseptsasi (section 143 (b) and (c));
b. With a simple protest, do not wear means
certain formalities have to be made in the deed itself. This protest is done in
case there is no simple klausuka prohibiting protests, the holder does not want
to do an authentic protest, protesting party is willing to provide assistance
with writing the statement in the letter that the acceptance and valuable
reject payment.
2. By
doing notification is a notification from the holder to the issuer and to the
previous endosan about the penolongan acceptances and payment within 4 working
days after the protests. Endosan receiving endosan notice shall notify the
other within a period of 2 working days from the time he received the notice.
However, this notification does not constitute an absolute element in doing the
right regress and the Constitution does not assert how to interpreted freely
notification, either orally or in writing.
In the world of banking practice what is called the right
of regress in the implementation turned out to be avoided olehpihak-parties
involved in the circulation of draft. This is because:
1. From
the publisher (the Customer), the banks (interest), the holder (buyer) the
right not to know what regress;
2.
Diprasyaratkan procedures in implementing the
right regred not / does not meet the desires / hopes;
3.
Agreement (although not made directly /
nayata) that the concerned parties together to avoid regress rights;
4. That
the implementation of disability rights mengurantgi can regress to the names of
certain parties.
But basically, after it reached the right regress, but
still have not made the payment, the holder of the beharga can return to the
main treaty. Where if we associate with the case of the purchase contract
agreement crude palm oil (CPO) between Siti and PT PHA is valued at USD 3.2
billion. In the contract of sale and purchase agreements, Siti Faridah who is a
Malaysian citizen is obliged to pay USD 3.2 billion for the purchase of crude
palm oil (CPO) against Asri PT Green Island (PHA).
2.1.6 Legal
treatment for offenders blank cheque
Considerations:
A.
Banking
that in practice it often happens that a cheque is filed on behalf of the bank
the cheque is drawn in order to request payment was not assured with sufficient
funds in the bank (commonly called a blank cheque);
B. That
acts withdrawal blank cheque it has been done in such a way that the
manipulations that can disrupt and thwart the efforts of the government at the
present time in carrying out the stability / improvements in the monetary
sector and the economy in general;
C.
That in
addition to the matters mentioned in paragraph b above, withdrawal of blank cheque,
it can also lead to loss of public confidence in the payment by cheque traffic
in particular and banking in general;
D.
That in
order to achieve stabilization / improvements in the field of monetary as well
as to prevent the loss of public confidence in the traffic payment by cheque
and banking in general, need to set provisions for the withdrawal of a blank cheque;
E.
This
setting is also in the context of efforts to achieve security objectives
revolution;
F.
That in
connection with the things mentioned above it is also necessary to change the
law no.7 drt. 1955 as amended and supplemented, the latest by law no.1 prp
1960.
Ban
blank cheque withdrawal:
A.
Whoever
draw a cheque, while he knows or should suspect, that since the withdrawal of
the cheque is not available sufficient funds in the bank on behalf of the cheque
is drawn (bad cheque) shall be sentenced to death, life imprisonment or
imprisonment for a while- duration of twenty years imprisonment and a maximum
fine of four times the amount banyaknsya written in blank cheque in question;
B. If
the blank cheque withdrawal mentioned in Article 1 made by or on behalf of a
legal entity, a company, a trust or a foundation person, the criminal charges
were dropped well done and the criminal legal entity, company, association or
foundation, both for those who it drew a blank cheque, or to both of them;
C. The
criminal acts in points A and B is a crime. With the rapid progress of the
Indonesian economy, the customs in the trade circles in Indonesia also
experienced changes in accordance with the rapid progress of the economy.
Institutions trade in the days before World War II, only used by large traders
who were mostly from foreign nations in Indonesia, is now rapidly once used
also by Indonesians nation merchant. Trade organization it, among others, are
commonly used by the merchants of Indonesia at this time is the way of payment
by cheque.
How important
is payment by cheque we know all of the passion that the Government of
Indonesia established banks as much as possible in order to, among others,
serve the payment method.
To order and
the smooth banking business from the use of the cheque that the Government has
issued Government Regulation No.1 of 1955 regarding Supervision of Credit
Affairs (State Gazette of 1955 2) In order to supervise the affairs of credit
(bank) that can now be note the emergence of practices that are so unhealthy that
the outline revolves around the use of agency cheque for the purposes of
manipulation is the way with drawals provide a cheque without sufficient funds
in the bank on which the cheque drawn since the moment he pulled the cheque. In
this connection it should be explained as follows.
Given that the
Book of the Law of Commercial Law (Wetboekvan koophandel) in the field of civil
law only requires that a person who draw cheque to provide sufficient funds in
the bank on which the cheque drawn on the day the cheque was presented to the
bank for payment, the person feels no need to provide used the funds before the
cheque was presented to the bank to request payment.
Given the
considerable lapse of time between when the cheque was drawn and when the cheque
was presented to the bank to request payment, within which cheque that can move
from hand to hand as a means of payment, there arose the desire irresponsible
to use the opportunity The goals for manipulation.
People who are
not responsible for this then draw cheque at will in amounts so large with only
providing partial funding (small) just from the amount of the cheque that the
withdrawal of the bank concerned, because he calculated the amount of funds
most (small) provision that was enough to accommodate, the payments if the cheque
presented to banks.
This means that
people who are not responsible for it have created the tools in the payment
amounts are very large in order to interest himself in the practice has
increased the number of payment instruments outstanding to billions of dollars,
which it actually cause chaos in the monetary field in itself, affect the level
of prices of goods.
In addition,
the calculation of manipulan-manipulan referred to above can be shot, so that
when the bank filed cekceknya not available the necessary funds and the cheque
were rejected by the banks as blank cheque. Such practices if allowed to drag
will be too:
A. Overt
resistance to the Government's intention to develop the habit of making
payments by cheque in the society at large and among particular trade, where
the intent was also confirmed by PYM The president himself in 1961 with the
decision 470 dated August 23, 1961 about the changing traffic Kartal payments
primarily with traffic primarily Giral payment;
B. The
factors leading to a reduction / loss of public confidence in institutions in
general and banking cheque khususnyal;
C. Inhibition
of the Development Plan Planning Universe defined by MPR with its provisions 11
in 1960 and the progress of Indonesia's economy in particular;
D. Although
by the Monetary Board has issued Decree # 53 of the Monetary Board which also
means preventing a blank cheque as a business in Public Law, then Bank
Indonesia sets are also provisions to prevent the withdrawal of the blank cheque
as action in the field of Law.
Administrative,
but all efforts and actions have not been able to prevent the withdrawal of blank cheque. To curb the situation over the measures that need to be hard enough to
prevent the loss of public confidence in the payment by cheque traffic in
particular and banking in general.
2.2 ANALYSIS
PROBLEM
2.2.1 Oichida
still a witness, but did not rule out the possibility, Oichida will soon be
established as a suspect.
Director of PT
Mitra Karya Fany Oichida Nazara is tripped in case of alleged fraud offenses
valued at USD 1.3 billion, which happened to Nelly Nyampa one seroang Makassar
businessmen threatened status of the witness would be diverted to the suspect.
It is delivered directly Deputy Chief of the Criminal
Investigation Unit and Polrestabes Makassar Police Commissioner (Commissioner)
Anwar, in his office on Monday (28/7) during the inspection process Oichida
developer who is mafia businessman in fraud case which is not only detrimental
but Assistant Vice Nelly Rector III Indonesian Muslim University (UMI) Zakir
Sabara also defrauded worth USD 80 million over some time ago in a land
purchase.
Based monitoring
news alert in Polrestabes, restaurant owners Gogohe located on Boulevard street,
District Panakkukang Makassar is still undergoing an intensive inspection
process even closed for about seven hours on the second floor common parts Reskrim
Polrestabes Makassar.
Oichida wearing a blue striped shirt come in Polrestabes
Makassar at around 11.45 pm. Even up to now known developer boss was apparent
impunity examined in a confined space through observation Closed Circuit
Television (CCTV).
"We have not been able to give a detailed
explanation of the results of the examination concerned because in the process
of examination. Clearly there are two cases that we ask for information that is
pertinent case of fraud affecting Nelly Nyampa worth Rp 1.3 billion and
reported cases of fraud related Sabara Zakir Rp 80 million, "Anwar told
the media crew.
According to him, in this case Oichida still
a witness, but did not rule out the possibility, we will immediately Oichida
set as suspects. In fact, it did not hesitate to throw admitted to the bars of
the cell reported Polrestabes Makassar if found guilty of fraud.
Admittedly Oichida track record has a lot of fraud in
parentheses be some time this year. Among them, cases of fraud against the
Regent Enrekang, La Tinro La Tunrung and Chief Gani Otto Zulkifli PWI South
Sulawesi.
2.2.2 Director of the Legal Aid Institute (LBH)
Makassar Makassar Polrestabes urged to immediately establish Fany director of
PT Mitra Karya Oichida Lashara as a suspect.
Meanwhile, the Director of
the Legal Aid Institute (LBH) Abdul Azis urged the Makassar Makassar
Polrestabes to immediately establish Fany Director of PT Mitra Karya Oichida
Lashara as a suspect in the case of fraud related crimes that harm others by
way of payment of the remaining debt receivable by giro or a blank cheque.
"There is absolutely
no reason not to set Oichida police as a suspect. Actions taken it exist purely
criminal," said Abdul Aziz.
Other reasons as well, said
Azis is Oichida an old offender who allegedly never touched by deception case
against the law though others have often terjadi.Seperti ever experienced
Regent Tinro Enrekang La La Tunrung and Chief Gani Otto Zulkifli PWI South
Sulawesi.
"They also never
cheated in buying and selling land, where Oichida in paying the relevant land
use Giro (BG) or a blank cheque," he explained.
Beritasiaga based on police
sources, suspected cases often drag name is presumably even Makassar
businessmen allegedly protected by the police. So the process is often the case
stalled in the middle of the road.
Move quickly and decisively
investigator is expected to prevent the next victim of the fraud committed in
practice reported.
Responding to the statement
of the Director of LBH Makassar, Anwar said, the process of inquiry and
investigation is underway. If you've found strong evidence, it will soon turn
into a suspect Oichida status even if it proves to be charged under article is
concerned with the fraud penalty of four years in prison.
CHAPTER
III
CLOSING
3.1 CONCLUSION
1.
It causes Oichida still a witness, but did
not rule out the possibility, oichida will soon named as a suspect is Director
of PT Mitra Karya Fany Oichida Nazara (Oichida) tripping in case of alleged
fraud offenses valued at USD 1.3 billion, which is a mafia businessman Oichida
developer in cases of fraud that is not only harmful but Nelly III Assistant
Vice Chancellor Indonesian Muslim University (UMI) Zakir Sabara also defrauded
worth USD 80 million over some time ago in a land purchase. As well as cases of
fraud against the Regent Enrekang, La Tinro La Tunrung and Chief Gani Otto
Zulkifli PWI South Sulawesi.
2.
It
causes the Director of Legal Aid Institute (LBH) Makassar Makassar Polrestabes
urged to immediately establish Fany director of PT Mitra Karya Oichida Lashara
as a suspect is Oichida old alleged perpetrator was never touched by deception
case against the law though others have often terjadi.Seperti the Regent experienced
Tinro Enrekang La Tinro La Tunrung and Chief Gani Otto Zulkifli PWI South
Sulawesi. "They also never cheated in buying and selling land, where
Oichida in paying the relevant land use Giro (BG) or a blank cheque.
3.2 ADVICE
1.
Requested that the government be more
concerned about the issue of securities in order to minimize its misuse
problems;
2.
Move quickly and decisively investigator is
expected to prevent the next victim;
3. Requested to the reader to search for sources
other readings to further deepen the knowledge about the rights to the brand.
Oichida Will Be Blank Cheque Fraud Suspects
Sunday, July 29, 2012
(Beritasiaga.com), Makassar --- Director of PT Mitra Karya Fany Oichida Nazara is tripped
in case of alleged fraud offenses valued at USD 1.3 billion, which happened to
Nelly Nyampa one seroang Makassar businessmen threatened status of the witness
would be diverted to the suspect.
It is delivered directly Deputy
Chief of the Criminal Investigation Unit and Polrestabes Makassar Police
Commissioner (Commissioner) Anwar, in his office on Monday (28/7) during the
inspection process Oichida developer who is mafia businessman in fraud case which
is not only detrimental but Assistant Vice Nelly Rector III Indonesian Muslim
University (UMI) Zakir Sabara also defrauded worth USD 80 million over some
time ago in a land purchase.
Based pantuan beritasiaga in
Polrestabes, restaurant owners Gogohe located on Jl Boulevard, District
Panakkukang Makassar is still undergoing an intensive inspection process even
closed for about seven hours on the second floor common parts Reksirm
Polrestabes Makassar.
Oichida wearing a blue striped shirt
came Polrestabes Makassar at around 11.45 pm. Even up to now known developer
boss was apparent impunity examined in a confined space through observation
Televisioan Closed Circuit (CCTV).
"We have not been able to give
a detailed explanation of the results of the examination concerned because in
the process of examination. Clearly there are two cases that we ask for
information that is pertinent case of fraud affecting Nelly Nyampa worth Rp 1.3
billion and reported cases of fraud related Sabara Zakir Rp 80 million, "Anwar
told the media crew.
According to him, in this case
Oichida still a witness, but did not rule out the possibility, we will
immediately Oichida set as suspects. In fact, it did not hesitate to throw
admitted to the bars of the cell reported Polrestabes Makassar if found guilty
of fraud.
Admittedly Oichida track record has
a lot of fraud in parentheses be some time this year. Among them, cases of
fraud against the Regent Enrekang, La Tinro La Tunrung and Chief Gani Otto
Zulkifli PWI South Sulawesi.
Meanwhile, the Director of the Legal
Aid Institute (LBH) Abdul Azis urged the Makassar Makassar Polrestabes to
immediately establish Fany Director of PT Mitra Karya Oichida Lashara as a
suspect in the case of fraud related crimes that harm others by way of payment
of the remaining debt receivable by giro ( BG) or a blank cheque.
"There is absolutely no reason not to set Oichida police as a suspect. Actions taken it exists purely criminal," said Abdul Aziz.
Other reasons as well, said Azis is Oichida an old offender who allegedly never touched by deception case against the law though others have often terjadi.Seperti ever experienced Regent Tinro Enrekang La La Tunrung and Chief Gani Otto Zulkifli PWI South Sulawesi.
"They also never cheated in buying and selling land, where Oichida in paying the relevant land use Giro (BG) or a blank cheque," he explained.
Beritasiaga based on police sources, suspected cases often drag name is presumably even Makassar businessmen allegedly protected by the police. So the process is often the case stalled in the middle of the road.
Move quickly and decisively investigator is expected to prevent the next victim of the fraud committed in practice reported.
Responding to the statement of the Director of LBH Makassar, Anwar said, the process of inquiry and investigation is underway. If you've found strong evidence, it will soon turn into a suspect Oichida status even if it proves to be charged under article is concerned with the fraud penalty of four years in prison. (rgl)
REFERENCES
Flowers, Aldiena. (2009) Regulation of Blanks Cheque [Internet] June 22. Available fom: http://catatandiatasawan.blogspot.com [Accessed November 14, 2012]
Chan, Kirenai Vita. (2011) Definition of Blank Cheque [Internet] March 16. Available from:http://vitachan.blogspot.com [Accessed November 14, 2012]
Meta. (2011) Use of Blank Cheque For Payment And Solved Practice In Indonesia [internet] May 28. Available from: http://lawmetha.blogspot.com [Accessed November 14, 2012]
Rizani. (2009) As a result of Cheque Law And Giro [internet] 23 April. Available from:http://en.hukumonline.com [Accessed November 14, 2012]
Zoebir, Zuryawan Isvandiar. (2008) Legal Papers [internet] May 21. Available from: http://zuryawan_isvandiar_zoebir 's.blogspot.com [Accessed November 12, 2012]
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